Celestial News: Behold the Charioteer

Third brightest star in Colorado shows itself

Look for the familiar pentagon outline of Auriga, the Charioteer, rising in the northeastern sky. Photo by Jimmy Westlake, 2010.

What’s that flashy, golden star hovering over the northeastern mountains as darkness falls in mid-November?  It’s Capella, the third brightest star visible in Colorado skies and the brightest star in the constellation of Auriga, the Charioteer.

Auriga represents the mythological character Erichthonius who was born lame and invented the four-horse chariot so he could get around more easily.

In the sky, he is shown holding a nanny goat and her three kids under his arm.  The star Capella represents the nanny goat and a cute little trio of stars close by represents “the Kids.”

Capella shines down on us with a yellow light almost identical to that of our Sun but from a distance of 42 light years. This little nanny goat is hiding a secret that only modern astronomers have been able to reveal.  Capella is really two yellow giant stars in a close orbit around each other.  The stars are separated by about the same distance between our planet Venus and the Sun and they whirl around each other once every 104 days.  Much further out, a pair of faint red dwarf stars orbits around the pair of yellow giants with a period of several thousand years.  Capella is a wonderful example of a quadruple star system.  To the naked eye, however, she gleams as a

single star.

Capella is the closest first magnitude star to the north celestial pole and, as such, remains above the horizon continuously for folks living above the latitude of Yellowstone National Park.  For Coloradoans, Capella just hides behind our northern mountains for a brief time each day before rising again in the northeast.

The star Elnath at the southern-most corner of Auriga’s distinctive pentagon of stars actually belongs in the neighboring constellation of Taurus the Bull, b

ut has always been associated with Auriga.  To the ancient sky watchers, this star represented both the foot of the Charioteer and the horn of the Bull at the same time.  Modern astronomers found this duality unacceptable and officially ceded Elnath to Taurus.

Auriga is chock full of interesting celestial objects.  Within his borders lie three beautiful star clusters, known by their Messier catalog numbers, M36, M37, and M38. They are visible to the unaided eye on a dark, clear night, but use binoculars or a small telescope for the best view.

The star at the top of the triangle marking “the Kids” is a very unusual object.  Known as Epsilon Aurigae, this eclipsing binary star holds the record for having the

longest time between eclipses — 27 years!  For comparison, the nearby “Demon Star,” Algol, has an eclipse every 2.9 days.  What’s even more remarkable is the duration of Epsilon’s eclipse – 670 days, or nearly 2 years!  Whatever it is that eclipses the main star must be gigantic in size in order to cover it up for so long.  Recent studies have revealed a colossal dark cloud of gas and dust eclipsing the star.  Epsilon is in the midst of one of its eclipses right now, but is due to emerge from behind its dark cloud sometime next spring.  Telescopes all over the world are trained on Epsilon to learn the secrets of its strange eclipses. ***

Professor Jimmy Westlake teaches astronomy and physics at Colorado Mountain College’s Alpine Campus. He is an avid astronomer whose photographs and articles have been published all around the world. His “Celestial News” column appears weekly in the Steamboat Today newspaper and his “Cosmic Moment” radio spots can be heard on local radio station KFMU.  Also, check out Jimmy’s astrophotography website at www.jwestlake.com.